One was the wordcasta; the second was theracial Aryan- Dravidian theory, and the third was theProtestant criticism of the priesthood of the Catholics and Jews. Caste and sub-caste emerged within European thinking about society, whereas varna and jati originated in Indian thinking. We should cons...
For caste in Sri Lanka see, among others,Udeshika Jayasekara’s study of six villages in the Matara District, Colombo Telegraph, 11 January 2019 and my comment on K. Daniel’sCaste in Jaffna:Mirage, Colombo Telegraph, 14 July 2017. I quote from the latter: “There’s no doubt that thos...
Pashtuns ofthe Indian subcontinent, outside the traditional homeland, are referred to as Pathans (the Hindustani word for Pashtun) both by themselves and other ethnic groups of the subcontinent. ... The settlers are descended from both Pashtuns of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan (British Indi...
Since these are in many cases distinguished from the Jati by the people themselves, and since they are frequently said to have originated from tribal groups, authorities on the Punjab generally prefer the word tribe…. The most numerous and important tribes in the neighbourhoods of Amritsar and ...