Carotenoid biosynthesis was coevolved with photosynthesis to provide metabolites with specific functional roles (Takaichi2011; Sandmann2021) (Fig.4). Carotenoids absorb light energy and transfer to chlorophylls in the spectrum 450-550 nm, a range that chlorophylls do not absorb (Hashimoto et al.201...
β-carotene, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin accumulate in relatively high abundance in chloroplasts but the color is normally masked by chlorophylls. Thylakoid membranes and the light harvesting complexes are the main sites to harbor carotenoid
These carotenoids absorb light from the visible spectra, protecting the retina and the lens from potential damage caused by light exposure. Besides, these macular carotenoids protect the eye from oxidative stress and free radicals due to their antioxidant properties [68,69,70]. Beneficial properties ...
Furthermore, the affinity of hydrogels to absorb water is defined by the presence of hydrophilic groups (such as -OH, -CONH, -CONH2, and -SO3H) within the polymers forming hydrogel structures. A hydrogel can be hydrated at different degrees according to the number of these hydrophilic groups...
The basis of spectral approaches is the way electromagnetic radiation interacts with carotenoid molecules, which can absorb energy at various wavelengths. The majority of studies involving carotenoid extraction and purification were conducted on a laboratory scale [135]. A reliable, simple, and moderate...