Carotenoid biosynthesis was coevolved with photosynthesis to provide metabolites with specific functional roles (Takaichi2011; Sandmann2021) (Fig.4). Carotenoids absorb light energy and transfer to chlorophylls
Also, the two absorb different wavelengths of light during a plant’s photosynthesis process, so xanthophylls are more yellow while carotenes are orange. Nutritionally, there is another, potentially more useful, grouping of carotenoids: provitamin A and non-provitamin A. Provitamin A carotenoids ...
β-carotene, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin accumulate in relatively high abundance in chloroplasts but the color is normally masked by chlorophylls. Thylakoid membranes and the light harvesting complexes are the main sites to harbor carotenoid
These carotenoids absorb light from the visible spectra, protecting the retina and the lens from potential damage caused by light exposure. Besides, these macular carotenoids protect the eye from oxidative stress and free radicals due to their antioxidant properties [68,69,70]. Beneficial properties ...
Carotenoids absorb light, transfer energy to chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis and protect against photo-oxidative damage [36,37]. In man, carotenoids function primarily as dietary sources of provitamin A. However, lycopene lacks the β-ionone ring structure required to form vitamin A and...
strongly absorb. Phycocyanins are water-soluble proteins containing the covalently bound chromophorephycocyanobilin (Fig. 7)—a linear tetrapyrrole (compare to chlorophyll, Fig. 2). The blue colorant isknown by the name spirulina, which is also the name of a dietary supplement rich in proteins ...
as well as they contain various xanthophylls such as fucoxanthin, neofucoxanthin, and diadinoxanthin. Fucoxanthin (the most abundant pigment) combines with chlorophyll (a and c), forming fucoxanthin-chlorophyll protein. This complex can absorb the light necessary for diatoms (Huang et al.2017a,b)...
Carotenoid molecules absorb UV radiation and get excites from its electronic ground state (S0) to the excited singlet state Car* (1). Characteristically, interpretation of carotenoid photophysics can be interpreted in terms of two low-lying singlet excited states, S2 and S1 [148]. In this ...
[76]. Carotenoid pigments, present in the eye and photoreceptors, seem especially suited to protect against the deleterious effects of light because of their capability to absorb the dangerous short wavelength of the light spectrum. Carotenoids are well known for “quenching” in plant tissues and ...
The long carbon chain of alternating single and double bonds is the characteristic feature of carotenoids allowing them to absorb light in the visible range of the spectrum [2]. This feature of carotenoids has significant relevance to eyes with respect to the protection of vision from photo-...