These procedure codes include the majority of services billed by cardiologists and were grouped into 7 categories: cardiac catheterization (catheterization); electro- cardiogram (EKG); echocardiogram (echo); implantable car- dioverter defibrillator (ICD) or pacemaker (EP device); oth...
1. Background Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) are indicated in primary and secondary prevention of dysrhythmias among other indications. We sought to determine the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hospitalizations for ICD ...