A carbohydrate is a molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in most carbohydrates, hydrogen and oxygen are found in the same two-to-one relative proportions they have in water. In fact, the chemical formula for a “generic” molecule of carbohydrate is (CH2O)n....
and decision to exploit them or not is important for any pathogen's fitness. For instance,amino acidsconcentration in pulmonary microenvironments increase during inflammation (Lorenz and Fink, 2001;Grahl et al., 2011;Hu et al., 2010). Lactate is found at concentrations of between 0.5 and 2.2...
This, together with inosine’s ability to support Teff-cell growth and function in the absence of glucose, suggests that inosine, as a ribose donor, may replace glucose as a key fuel source for Teff cells under glucose deprivation, as is found in solid tumours. In addition to the function...
For example, human serum contains hundreds of thousands of different protein molecules, of which 97% are composed of the 20 most abundant proteins5. Therefore, in this work, our intention is to focus on the selectivity issue while maintaining the greater sensitivity of semiconductor electronics ...
In addition, mTORC1 is characterized by the scaffold protein RAPTOR (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) [16] and inhibitory subunits PRAS40 (proline-rich AKT substrate 40 kDa) [17] while mTORC2 specifically encompasses scaffold protein RICTOR (rapamycin insensitive component of mTOR) [18],...
In all living organisms a great variety of reactions involve transfer of single carbon units from one molecule to another. These one-carbon (C1) reactions play essential roles in major cellular processes including the synthesis of nucleic acids, protein biosynthesis in the organelles, amino acid ...
Protein abundances The general expectation is that altered levels of respiration are accomplished through modulations in enzyme abundances [1]. To elucidate which of the approximately 60 respiratory enzymes are relevant for the different degrees of respiration, we used protein-GFP fusion strains that are...
debunching and solubilization of CNTs using nucleic acids and amphiphilic peptides based on the π-π stacking interactions between the CNT surface and aromatic bases/amino acids in the structural backbone of these functional biomolecules. Noncovalent functionalization of CNT is particularly attractive ...
An important issue in nanopore sensing is to construct stable and versatile sensors that can discriminate analytes with minute differences. Here we report a means of creating nanopores that comprise ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes inserted into a lipid bilayer. We investigate the ion transport...
]. Protein-coding genes were predicted using PRODIGAL and RNA genes using INFERNAL v1.1. Assembled contigs were binned using MetaBat2 [38]. 16S rDNA ESVs from amplicon sequencing of enrichment cultures were searched against microbial isolate genomes to identify exact matches. The taxonomy of the ...