Skewness and Kurtosis were also calculated to allow us to decide whether items in the constructs were appropriate for use in the SEM analyses (not reported). 2.2.2 Validity and Reliability of the Scales The validity of the scales was assured in two ways. The first was by use of scales ...
While GECO and ESGB5 display negative skewness, indicative of a leftward tail, the remaining variables showcase a blend of negative and positive skewness, albeit leaning toward a state of equilibrium. Kurtosis, the barometer of tail thickness, accentuates the differences observed across distributions...
aThe Str texture parameter is used to describe the level of isotropy of a rough surface; a ratio of 1 indicates a perfectly isotropic surface topography. All surface types are characterized by negative skewness Ssk (between −2.2 and −1.2) and high kurtosis Sku(between5.5and7.7). The abso...
Our paper addresses this gap by investigating the relationship between the skewness of oil returns and expected stock returns in China's A-share market. We find that the relationship between the skewness of oil returns and expected stock returns is significantly negative. This finding is robust ...
Yun et al. [123] conducted tests for single-variable and multivariate normal distribution before proceeding with the structural equation modeling procedure. Tabachnick and Fidell [124] clarify that, in the assessment of univariate normality, skewness and kurtosis values are expected to fall within the...
aThe skewness provides information about positive or negative deviations of the distribution density function from the expectation value. 反称性提供关于发行密度函数的正面或负偏差的信息从期待值。[translate] aanother vendor 另一个供营商[translate] ...
Interestingly, the variables of interest display negative skewness, except for REC, which shows positive skewness. Moreover, the kurtosis values suggest a non-normal distribution. This Conclusion This study examines the effects of energy efficiency (specifically gas and oil), economic growth, renewable...
Data distribution will be considered normal when the skewness and kurtosis indices range between − 1 and 1. The internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, with values greater than 0.70 indicating good and acceptable reliability. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of the study ...
SMN-SC: skewness = 1.311; kurtosis = 4.898. We also assessed the normality of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which suggests that both variables are not normally distributed (p < 0.05). In the online appendix, we also provide some details on the overlap of O‑SC ...
Indeed, volatility itself can be volatile. It can change rapidly in response to market events, making it difficult to predict. Moreover many models that use volatility assume that price changes follow a normal distribution. However, in reality, financial returns often exhibitskewnessandkurtosis, mean...