The Rashidun Caliphs, also known as the “Rightly Guided Caliphs,” were the first four caliphs after the death of Prophet Muhammad. They are Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These caliphs are highly respected in Sunni Islam for their close ass...
The Rightly Guided Caliphs: Ali ibn Abi Talib (part 2 of 2)of Islam
emir , (“commander,” or “prince”), in the MuslimMiddle East, a military commander, governor of a province, or a high military official. Under the Umayyads, the emir exercised administrative and financial powers, somewhat diminished under the ʿAbbāsids, who introduced a separate financial...
The period under the Abassid Caliphs in Baghdad, often known as the Golden Age of Islam, saw great advances in science and medicine. This paper explores the often under-appreciated contribution of Nestorian Christians to medicine in this period. Many key translators of Greek medical texts and ...