A variable but significant fraction of biomass OB is added by natural wildfires (Naik et al., 2007). Soot particles produced from biomass OB contain a much lower BC/OC than do fossil fuel combustion soot particles, and a somewhat lower fraction than do biofuel combustion particles (Bachmann, ...
A Langmuir Two-Surface Equation as a Model for Phosphate Adsorption by Soils For forty-one soils (pH > 5.0) from southern England and eastern Australia,the Langmuir equation was an excellent model for describing P adsorption from solutions < 10-3M P,if it was assumed that adsorption occurs on...
Only a few countries have detailed data regarding open burning activities. Then, some techniques and methods have been presented in the literature to estimate OWB incidents, activities, and emissions. IPCC default methods (tier 1) are well-known methods because it provides a simple model and proje...
light absorption. A possible reason for this result is that the wet biomass was unfavourable for the production of BC particles in the flaming-dominated burning states and led to a smaller MAC, and the hygroscopic behaviour may generate a slightly thicker non-BC coating in the smouldering-dominat...
The overall reaction of urea production is shown as equation 10 - 12. 1.4 Techno Economic Analysis Techno Economic Analysis is to estimate costs of investment and the profitability of project. This cost assessment technique represents the capital expenditure, the operating expenditure, net present ...
a 3% sink decrease would require a net source enhancement of ~8 Tg CH4per year instead of ~25 Tg CH4per year. The isotope source signature required to match the observed temporal evolution of δ13C also changes, from −56 to −61‰. Using the mass balance equation (Eqs. (10)...
The optical attenuation (ATN, a unitless parameter) of EC at 678 nm can be represented by the following equation: (2) The attenuation coefficient from EC-OC analyzer (bATN-ECOC; Mm−1) can be estimated from the ATN signal measured at 678 nm using the following equation: (3) ...
Analyses appearing in the literature on combustion of cellulosic fuels assume that the energy transfer in the fuel interior is adequately described by an unsteady state conduction equation provided with an Arrhenius source. It has been d... AM Kanury,PL Blackshear - 《Combustion Science & Technolo...
The spectral dependence of BrC absorption can vary strongly depending on the type of aerosol emissions (fossil fuel combustion versus biomass burning), as well as physical-chemical transformation (primary versus secondary organic aerosols)6,20. As a result, the 440 nm wavelength does not have ...
Fig. 7 shows equivalent black carbon concentrations from fossil fuel and wood burning, calculated using Equation (4) and assuming same mass absorption coefficient applies to equivalent black carbon from both origins. The default aethalometer value of 16.6 m−2 g−1 was applied following analysis...