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The modified Iowa deflection formula may be used to calculate the pipe ovality under earth and live loads: where: y D EI D1KP eq R3 0.061E (4-2) D = pipe outside diameter, inches y = vertical deflection of pipe, inches Dl = deflection lag factor (~1.0-1.5...
The equivalent volumetric heat capacity is denoted by (ρCp)eq, with units of J/(m3·K). The groundwater flow rate is indicated by v, measured in m/s, while ∇Tf represents the temperature increment within the formation, in K. Lastly, λeq signifies the equivalent thermal conductivity,...
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Therefore, some studies of microseismic arrays in deep-buried tunnels have been conducted to solve the problem [18,19]. However, quantitative evaluations of the layout of a sensor array in deep-buried tunnels have rarely been discussed in previous studies and have mainly involved coal mine and ...
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