According to studies, building construction, repair, and maintenance account for 40% of global energy consumption. Currently, it is estimated that a huge amount of energy is wasted due to the use of inefficient methods. Water and material consumption, as well as resource management, are challenges...
Historic buildings are estimated to make up between 1% and 5% of the building stock, depending on the region [6–9], and historic and traditional buildings together account for between 10% and 40% of the building stock, depending on the region and age threshold [7,8,10,11]. These two ...
Overall, households account for 20–30% of energy consumption in Europe, North America and Asia. Heating and cooling, lighting, and electric appliances are the three major contributors of this consumption [1,2]. Moreover, the recent regulation in the EU and China has required buildings to util...
The wave number is \(k= 2 \pi / \lambda\) with \(\lambda\) the wavelength in vacuum. The macroscopic variations of the wavefront due to the sample’s refractive index generate a measurable phase shift downstream. Small variations, on the other hand, account for the scattering of X-...
As the size of each dataset represents a relevant component to take into account, Table 2 reports the number of sentences belonging to each dataset. Throughout our experiments we use 70% of the samples belonging to the dataset as the training set, in which LLMs are trained, and both local...
Gender influences how people view themselves and each other, how they behave and interact and how power is distributed in society. Jurisdictional claims Elsevier respects the decisions taken by its authors as to how they choose to designate territories and identify their affiliations in their ...
which is an intra-city and inter-city position metric, respectively.City_IDis a six-digit code that is unique to each Chinese city (e.g., 110100 for Beijing) and is unified by taking into account the geographic context, socioeconomic development, and administrative affiliation of a specific ...
Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Korea and Architectural Society of China. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://...
The energy consumption of a building due to heat transfer through its envelope was observed to account for 70–80% of the total building energy consumption (Fan, 2008). Therefore, zero-energy buildings should use highly insulated building envelopes and increase building airtightness to reduce the ...
To account for machinery and energy needs for the iRTG construction process, on-site building monitoring information was used. The iRTG dismantling phase was estimated to be half of the inputs needed for its construction. Specific details of the iRTG construction process can be found in the Suppl...