If a wet room (kitchen/utility/bathroom/WC/ensuite) has no external walls and an intermittent extract fan is being used, the fan should extract at 4ACH (Air Changes per Hour) to provide purge ventilation. (In order to demonstrate compliance with Part O of the building regulations it is ...
The essential energy terms in the case of such a building are the internal gains (lights, people and equipment), which can be more important compared to those of a residential building; and the external ones (solar gains entering the building mainly through windows); and the heat losses. ...
Constraints are either internal or external, and related to the designer's guiding principles. Internal constraints are client-generated and establish inner connections for the object being designed. Room types, surfaces, and numbers, as well as the objectives found in the brief, can serve as ...
The higher energy consumption of masonry residential buildings is not only due to the inadequate thermal insulation properties of the masonry external walls, but also to the often inadequate properties of casement and dual-timber single-glazed windows. Improving the thermal insulation properties of ...
Elaborate research on embodied carbon in the external walls of the residential buildings, where LCA methodology was applied, shows that it is possible to choose the structure of the walls together with accompanying components as well as the advantages and disadvantages of certain layers [37]. The ...
Thermal losses can be further reduced by 52–75% by the shift from the internal to the external position [63]. Walls as diagnosed in the field investigation of this study can be a receptacle of construction defects that can negatively impact the energy loads within a building. Besides poor ...
Lin et al. [6] performed a design optimization to minimize the building thermal load and discomfort degree hours, taking into account the concrete thickness, insulation thickness, solar radiation absorbance of the external walls/roof, and WWR. Buildings 2021, 11, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/...
External stakeholders are persons who are not involved in the project but are impacted by its decisions and activities in some way. The role of internal stakeholders is categorized according to the different stages during the life cycle of a PEB, such as planning, designing, construction, ...
Natural ventilation can be used as a cooling strategy in all zones; therefore, the openings, either windows or external/internal Sustainability 2021, 13, 5739 Model creation within the optimization framework begins by importing the .idf file available in [93] using the Honeybee component HB_Import...
Energy Build. 2013, 64, 275–284. [CrossRef] 40. Lee, S.; Kim, S.; Na, Y. Comparative analysis of energy-related performance and construction cost of the external walls in high-rise residential buildings. Energy Build. 2015, 99, 67–74. [CrossRef] http-equiv="content-type" ...