We also describe their connectivity and discuss the relevance of the assumed optimal design of vascular branching to account for the complex nature of microvascular architecture. The functional implications of some of these structural variations are considered. The branching patterns established from a ...
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the nature of the long branches attached to pectin which were described in a previous report [Round, A. N.; MacDougall, A. J.; Ring, S. G.; Morris, V. J. Carbohydr. Res. 1997, 303, 251–253]. Analysis of the AFM imag...
Branching enzymes (BEs) confer to α-glucans, the primary energy-storage reservoir in nature, a variety of features, like slow digestion. The full catalytic cycle of BEs can be divided in six steps, namely two covalent catalytic steps involving glycosylation and transglycosylation, and four noncat...
Learners go on a 'natural-supply' hunt outside to find materials and then sort the found objects into groups by color, shape, size, or other characteristics. Learners can use their found objects to create patterns/designs, a natural rock garden, a nature collage, or sculptures....
In this chapter, I focus on shoot systems and discuss two contrasting patterns, occurring at different levels: conservation and diversity. I show that two similar branching modes, terminal and lateral, are found across extant and extinct land plant lineages. Despite conservation of gross morphology,...
From the inspiration of branching systems in nature, this paper suggests a new and direct topology optimization method for the generation of stiffener layout patterns for plate structures by introducing the growing and branching tree model. The growth technique begins with the growing of ground baby ...
According to the geometry-based mechanism, patterns emerge because the ligand is produced only in one layer (in case of GDNF, the mesenchyme) and diffuses from there to the other layer, where it binds to its receptor (in case of GDNF/RET, the epithelium). While the geometry of the ...
Snowflakes or aggregates of self-similar snow/ice single crystals are well known to be an excellent example of fractal patterns in nature. Yang, et al.6 proposed the fractal growth kinematics of snow-flakes with many self-similar multilevel small structures. Crystalline morphology is governed by...
(Petropoulou et al., 2020), through to effects of starch granule size on the surface area available to digestion (μm scale) (Warren, Royall, Gaisford, Butterworth, & Ellis, 2011), to variations in chain length and branching patterns of starch polymers that affect crystallinity and hence ...
In nature, organic molecules with great structural diversity and complexity are synthesized by utilizing a relatively small number of starting materials. A synthetic strategy adopted by nature is pathway branching, in which a common biosynthetic intermediate is transformed into different end products. A ...