Regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. Following dietary iron intake, Fe3+is reduced by duodenal cytochrome b (DcytB) and then transferred to duodenum enterocytes by DMT1. The duodenal epithelium absorbs nearl
Despite being buried within mineralized bone matrix, osteocytes can modulate hematopoietic monocytic precursors developing into mature osteoclasts as well as regulate the differentiation of precursor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts through communication with cells on the bone surface and those...
bone deformation, and modulation of the alignment of bone extracellular matrix (Fig.1a). Because of the dynamics and complexity of mechanical forces, it is difficult to observe the reaction of cells
In addition to releasing matrix-bound VEGF in tumors and thereby promotingangiogenesis, MMP9 derived from Gr1+CD11b+cells releases solubleKit ligand(sKitL) in the bone marrow, thereby mobilizing hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells.26,27It has previously been shown that MMP9-mediated ...
aThe main sources of nonbone exosomes.bComposition of exosomes. The three main components of exosomes are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Lipids are the main components of the exosome matrix, and some specific lipids and related metabolic enzymes affect the formation and release of exosomes....
Indeed, a potential solution to fix these problems is the development of engineered structures through the combination of scaffolds, cells and/or soluble/mechanical factors. In BTE, a biomaterial can be defined as a temporary matrix that provides a specific environment and architecture for bone ...
Newly formed chondrocytes secrete an extracellular matrix rich in type II collagen (Col2a1), proliferate and ultimately terminally differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes [7]. Chondrocyte hypertrophy precedes the end of the chondrocyte life cycle by apoptosis and is accompanied by vascularization of ...
Meanwhile the inorganic phase, based on the mineral hydroxyapatite and comprising 65%–70% of the total matrix, is responsible for the provision of adequate structural support for loads [20]. In light of the above, there is considerable ongoing effort to address the design of composite materials...
It has been used in numerous glass systems in order to get specific properties [20]. High amounts of network-modifying oxides can be incorporated into borate glasses, making them interesting matrix materials for various applications [21,22]. Vitreous B2O3 consists of planar BØ3 trigonal groups...
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