A bitumen and heavy oil upgrading process and system is disclosed for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, an example of which is synthetic crude oil (SCO). The process advantageously avo
In the upgrading process of heavy oil, the mechanisms of thermal cracking, hydrothermal cracking, oxidation, distillation, and other mechanisms coexist. These mechanisms thus work either synergistically or oppositely to form a complex reaction network (Bazelatto Zanoni et al., 2012). However, it is...