Biofilms are complex multicellular communities formed by bacteria, and their extracellular polymeric substances are observed as surface-attached or non-surface-attached aggregates. Many types of bacterial species found in living hosts or environments can form biofilms. These include pathogenic bacteria such...
(Sutherland, 1977), because it can function as an ion-exchange column and exclude large, highly charged molecules, imposing a barrier to the inward diffusion of cationic molecules. Furthermore, within the biofilm glycocalyx the sessile bacteria are shielded from the effects of surfactants (Govan, ...
Biofilm forming bacteria are encased in the extracellular matrix, hence one way to compromise the integrity of the biofilm is by matrix degradation. This can be done by using degrading enzymes such as glycosidases, proteases, and deoxyribonucleases [10]. Enzymes can regulate the biofouling process ...
Many oral bacteria produce autoinducer 2, which is a key signal for intercellular communication in biofilms. The presence of autoinducer 2 in two-species communities containing Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces oris enables mutualistic growth of both organisms. Oral biofilms contain vast networks of in...
due to the activity of damaging enzymes. Antimicrobials can be resisted by biofilms up to 1,000 times more than they can by planktonic organisms. For biofilm eradication, factors that prevent biofilm development or cause bacteria to do transition from biofilm-mode to free life are optimal [3,...
Biofilm formation is an important mechanism of survival and persistence for many bacterial pathogens. These multicellular communities contain subpopulations of cells that display metabolic and transcriptional diversity along with recalcitrance to antibio
epidermidis colonies inherently get certain intrinsic helpful traits like antimicrobial resistance that only perpetuate the persistence of the bacteria [1]. Part or intact sections of biofilm can be dispersed and metastasized to other organs through the little-known mechanisms, contact inhibition by ...
Metal sulfide mineral dissolution during bioleaching and acid mine drainage (AMD) formation creates an environment that is inhospitable to most life. Despite dominance by a small number of bacteria, AMD microbial biofilm communities contain a notable var
Biofilm formation is a strategy of many bacterial species to adapt to a variety of stresses and has become a part of infections, contaminations, or beneficial interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that profound physiological changes permit Bacillus
The prerequisite for the stable maintenance of different low-copy-number plasmids within the same bacterial cell are compa- tible replication systems that typically comprise a replicase and a conserved parAB partitioning module (Petersen, 2011). Rhodobacteraceae contain four different plasmid types ...