Generalization error can exhibit non-monotonicity which can be understood through the bias and variance decomposition38,42,43, Eg = B + V, where \(B=\int {\mathrm{d}}{\bf{x}} p({\bf{x}}){\left({\left
4.1. Derivation of the Miller–Maddow O-Information Bias Approximation The Miller–Maddow entropy estimation (5) applies to the entropy of a single random variable. In order to approximate the bias in the O-information estimation, we must extend the entropy estimations to the joint entropy terms...