By disentangling the exposure-outcome relations observed within- and between-groups, such as individuals living in a particular geographical area, the approach may reveal bias in estimates and indicate spurious non-causal exposure-outcome associations. We introduced the basic statistical concepts, ...
Although the estimates of between- and within-person effects vary across groups to some extent, the confidence intervals largely overlap and do not suggest considerable differences. Moreover, we examined whether the results of the RI-CLPM change if we only use information from respondents who ...
BACKGROUND: Exposure to high levels of cat allergen might prevent sensitization. OBJECTIVE: We sought to measure the incidence of allergic sensitization among schoolchildren living in a dust mite- and cockroach-free environment and the associated risk factors. METHODS: In 1996, a longitudinal cohort...
The games were operationalized as competitions between two groups with three players in each group. The players discussed the game with other ingroup members, after which they met with the members of the outgroup for a between group discussion, and finally had a within-group discussion before ...
a The distributions of longitudinal changes in sensation seeking scores of the three groups. One-sample t-tests were used to estimate the longitudinal differences of sensation seeking scores within each group. A two-sample t-tset was performed in the comparision between the smokers (i.e., both...
older, more than half (59%) of the women said they had not masturbated during the preceding month. The proportion of men reporting masturbation 2–3 times per week decreased with increasing age from 40% in the youngest age groups (18–30 years), to 7% among those aged 70 + years....
The four provinces are divided into two groups, with the first group consisting of Provinces 1 and 2 and the second group consisting of Provinces 3 and 4. The similarities within groups are reflected in the settings that the values of \(\{\lambda _k\}\) are closer for provinces in the...
This experiment tested whether pigeons could discriminate between a large reinforcer delivered at 6 min (early) vs. 16 min (late) within a 20 min session. A within subject design was used in which an early reinforcer was delivered in one context, and a late reinforcer in another. Rate of ...
The studies were classified into 3 groups according to their study endpoints – point prevalence of depression, one-year prevalence of depression, and lifetime prevalence of depression. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were completed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0 programme. ...
This study is a comprehensive meta-analysis of the role of soil biota on soil structure, using evidence from experiments across different organism groups. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Totsche, K. U. et al. Microaggregates in soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 181, 104–136 (2018...