CTLA-4, an inhibitory receptor that down-regulates the initial stages of T cell activation (Fig. 3a), was the initial target for checkpoint antibodies [74–76]. The ra- tionale for using anti-CTLA-4 in cancer therapy was to unleash pre-existing anticancer T cell responses (Fig. 3b) ...
These are exciting times for cancer immunotherapy. After many years of disappointing results, the tide has finally changed and immunotherapy has become a clinically validated treatment for many cancers. Immunotherapeutic strategies include cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, adoptive transfer of ex vivo act...
The addition of a product interaction term of gestational age with each phthalate metabolite to the model indicated that the associations of phthalate metabolites with TSH, FT4, or TT4 did not differ by time stages assessed in this study (data no shown). Stratification analyses (Table4) were pe...
and particularly of the role of dendritic cells (DCs), has led to a series of failures of therapeutic cancer vaccines in initial randomized trials [5,8]. Early on, it was not appreciated that, by creating an environment that disables the immune response, cancer is able to induce tolerance....
compared the variation of different stages of cancer versus normal tissues from the same organ: pancreatic, breast, colon, and prostate. The overall results confirmed the fractal evolution of cancer from stage I with an increase of 2%, stage II with an increase of 4%, and stage III of 7% ...