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The paper proposes a SOC (State of Charge) estimation method for lead–carbon batteries based on the GA-MIUKF algorithm. The GA-MIUKF algorithm combines GA (Genetic Algorithm) for global search and optimization with the MI-UKF (Multi-innovation Unscented
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Results show that for a degree of hybridization of 0.3, the environmental impact of the hybrid-electric configuration increased by 15.1%, while the operating costs increased by 41.0% compared to a conventional reference aircraft. For a future scenario, favourable for hybrid-electric aircraft with i...
Hence, battery packs are very expensive for EVs applications due to a high number of cells, different chemistry types based on lithium and different protection circuits. The battery pack design consists of many steps, such as (1) select the battery cell technology and the pack specifications by...
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED ACTIONS This application is a continuation application under 37 CFR §1.53(b) of application Ser. No. 10/784,329, filed on Feb. 23, 2004 now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/864,037 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,678, filed on May...
Cross reference is hereby made to two copending applications filed in the U.S. Patent Office and assigned to the same assignee as this application: application of J. Werth and I. Fekete entitled "Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid System Having Battery Charge-Level Control", Ser. No. 06/537,460, ...
These are tuned for a variety of factors including battery cell power capacity, energy content, pricing, and cycle life [57,58]. Figure 11 presents a four-axis radar chart that considers the cells’ C-rate, price, impedance, and specific energy to explain the supplied battery cell ...
The flux densities in terms of cross-sectional areas are 𝜙𝑔=𝐵𝑔𝐴𝑔; 𝜙𝑚=𝐵𝑚𝐴𝑚ϕg=BgAg; ϕm=BmAm (12) where 𝐵𝑔Bg is the air gap flux density, 𝐴𝑔Ag is the air gap cross-section, 𝐵𝑚Bm is the magnet flux density, and 𝐴𝑚Am is...
the curve26′ with the kink29is the reference curve for lithium primary batteries. In this way, the distinction between lithium and alkaline batteries can be made even more reliable. Moreover, since the kink is often consistent between battery types in relation to remaining energy in the battery...