The concept of the blood-brain barrier derives from the classical studies of the pioneers in chemotherapy, such as Ehrlich, who administered dyestuffs parenterally in the hope that they would attack infective organisms. Thus Ehrlich observed that many dyes, after intravenous injection, stained the t...
The initial concept of “molecular pharming” — production of edible vaccines where the pharmaceutical product is expressed in the plant, which is consumed by people (Mason and Arntzen, 1995, Twyman et al., 2003)— has been recently combined with efficient pharmaceutical production platforms in ...
In 1668, this simple discovery was antecedent to the concept that cells can only come from other like-cells. John Needham –a naturalist and clergyman from Scotland discovered the presence of micro-organisms in soup left exposed to air; he opined a “life force” existed in all matter – ...
Glucosinolates in plant tissues are hydrolyzed by the enzyme thioglucosidase, which is released from plant cells and found in brassica vegetables. Products of glucosinolate hydrolysis inhibit carcinogenic mutations and malignant transformation in addition to slowing the proliferation of cancer cells. They ...
Fibre is composed of plant cell walls. Plant cell walls consist of complex carbohydrates such as polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, cellulose, hemicellulose, gums and pectins, which are embedded in a lignin matrix. Most of these molecules can be broken down and digested by caecal fermentation. Some...
Before the Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant referendum, Russian-backed media portrayed the project negatively, raising concerns over its safety, environmental impact, and economic viability. The concerns of Baltic energy dependence on Moscow have heightened since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in...
Aquaporins are a group of proteins with high-selective permeability for water. A subgroup called aquaglyceroporins is also permeable to glycerol, urea and
More commonly used to measure the electrochemical potential difference between two points (e.g. either side of a cell membrane), thus sidestepping the rather abstract concept of a standard state. If the molecule is uncharged or the electrical potential difference between two points is zero, the ...
, 2007). In these experiments, arrays were incubated with a fluorescently tagged small RNA hairpin containing a clamped adenine motif, which is required for the replication of Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV), a plant-infecting RNA virus that can also replicate in the budding yeast. Two of the ...
Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses (e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) may be cloned into the vector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes or from ...