Ice forms annually in the Baltic Sea. The length of the ice season is 5-8 months, maximum annual ice thickness is 50-120 cm, and maximum annual ice extent is 12.5-100% of the Baltic Sea area. The ice cover of this brackish basin is marine type, with biota in brine inclusions and ...
We project changes in the annual maximum ice extent and the maximum coastal fast ice thickness in the Baltic Sea during the ongoing century. The influence of future warming on the ice conditions was assessed using the November-March Baltic coastal mean temperature as a predictor for the annual ...
In addition, due to the milder climate than Polar regions, the annual maximum ice extent is highly variable, and rain and freeze-melt cycles can occur throughout winter. Up to 35% of the sea ice mass can be composed from metamorphic snow, rather than frozen seawater, and in places snow ...
In addition, due to the milder climate than Polar regions, the annual maximum ice extent is highly variable, and rain and freeze-melt cycles can occur throughout winter. Up to 35% of the sea ice mass can be composed from metamorphic snow, rather than frozen seawater, and in places snow ...
There were also ice lakes in southern Finland which were not directly connected to the Baltic Basin after the drop of the Baltic Ice Lake to the Yoldia Sea level. For example, a short-lived ice lake complex north of the Second Salpausselkä in southeastern Finland was formed at this time...
Seasonal Baltic Sea ice is structurally similar to polar sea ice and provides habitats for diverse ice organism assemblages that are integral to the biogeo
Further, comparisons were made between observed and calculated seasonal and interannual variations of the hydrographic properties in the Eastern Gotland Basin, as well as the interannual variations of the annual maximum ice extent. We conclude that the model can simulate these variations realistically. ...
semiquantitative. Thus, even if there were cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea long before man could have influenced nutrient conditions to any great extent, it is generally (but not unanimously) believed that blooms have become more widespread, of prolonged duration and with higher biomasses ...
The reduced summer sea ice extent might therefore result in circulation patterns resembling the negative phase of the NAO, and modelling experiments have tested this possibility. Petekouhov and Semenov (2010) performed a series of experiments using the ECHAM5 model and found that central European ...
A climatology of Antarctic sea ice extent based on 20 years of data (1973-1992) is presented, including measures of interannual variability and extrema. In... I Simmonds,TH Jacka - 《Journal of Climate》 被引量: 2777发表: 1995年 Spatial and temporal operation of the Scotia Sea ecosystem: ...