Based on Equation (6), the energy value of each component can be calculated, while substitution into Equation (28) allows for the calculation of the correlation coefficient between each component and the original signal. The six components with the highest correlation coefficient are selected as ene...
It was demonstrated that sternal SCG signals can be decomposed into low-frequency cardiac output components (due to cardiac systole) and higher frequency heart sound components (due to valve closure) [12,57]. Respiration affects the amplitude and power of the two main heart sounds—S1 and S2—...
g Gravitational acceleration 𝑐𝑏𝑠cbs Damping coefficient of the spring ks Primary structure stiffness 𝜁𝑠ζs The damping ratio of the main structure kbs Stiffness of the spring–ball attachment 𝜁𝑡ζt The damping ratio of the fluid 𝜔𝑡ωt The natural frequency of the liquid ...
Two different positioning distances were examined using the step input test, namely mid-stroke (100 mm) and near fully extended (150 mm), where only one valve (Valve 1) of the IPA system was utilized to extend the cylinder stroke. In contrast to the step input test, the multistep input...