The majority of capsules and exopolysaccharides are negatively charged and the differentiation between them is not strict. When growing on agar media, encapsulated bacteria usually form colonies with distinct appearance and morphology. In some bacteria, the colonies of encapsulated bacteria are referred ...
Capsules primarily consist of high molecular weight polysaccharides, which are essentially oligosaccharide repeating units. However, some bacterial capsules are atypical: the capsule ofYersinia pestisis a protein polymer composed of 17-kDa subunits11,12, and the capsule ofBacillus anthracisconsists of D-...
of hydrocarbons; (2) another outer membrane protein, the trimeric porin of the PhoE family, which facilitates the transport of anions, particularly phosphate; and (3) two glycosyl transferases that are probably associated with capsules and/or lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (Pessione et al., 2003)...
fallax consisting of enclosed spore capsules were collected and processed separately. In general, sporophytes of S. magellanicum are uncommonly found. Total community DNA isolation Before DNA isolation, the bacterial fraction asso- ciated with gametophytes was extracted according to the slightly ...
For example, the composition of the invention may comprise granules or gelatin capsules, for example hard gelatin capsules, comprising a bacterial strain of the invention. Preferably, the composition of the invention comprises lyophilised bacteria. Lyophilisation of bacteria is a well-established ...
The conjugation of bacterial polysaccharides tocarrier proteins, such as diphtheria or tetanus toxins, has been a major advance in stimulating immune responses to saccharidebacterial antigens. Polysaccharide capsules, for example, when used alone, are “T-independent” antigens; they do not require th...
(meningitis) and high mortality .30,56 whether serotype-dependent differences in the likelihood of invasive pneumococcal disease depend only on different capsules that confer varying virulence or whether the different serotypes are composed of clonal types with different invasive-disease potentials, which...
of them seem to be specific symbionts transferred from parents to offspring14. Earthworms are simultaneous hermaphrodites, and reproduction usually occurs through copulation and cross-fertilization, after which each of the mated individuals produces cocoons containing variable numbers of fertilized ova16. ...
Nowadays, fucoidan has been applied in the preparation of functional foods and beverages, including tablets, capsules, and granules, with the functions of enhancing immune, relieving constipation, reducing allergy, clearing Helicobacter pylori, etc. Although there are various extraction methods to prepare...
While many taxa occurred at relatively low abundances in the DNA and RNA fractions (Supplementary Table 2), the dominant genera, Colwellia, Sulfurimonas, and Acidiferrobacter, were usually detected in higher abundances in the RNA fraction. Overall, the community composition of the DNA fraction was...