Capsules primarily consist of high molecular weight polysaccharides, which are essentially oligosaccharide repeating units. However, some bacterial capsules are atypical: the capsule ofYersinia pestisis a protein polymer composed of 17-kDa subunits11,12, and the capsule ofBacillus anthracisconsists of D-...
Bacterial Cell Walls AlanCockayne, inEncyclopedia of Immunology (Second Edition), 1998 Bacterial capsules The outermost layer of many bacteria consists of a capsule. Capsules are usually, but not exclusively, acidicpolysaccharidesand are only loosely associated with the bacterialsurface. Capsules may act...
Programmed multidrug delivery based on bio-inspired capsule-integrated nanocoatings for infected bone defect treatment ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13 (2021), pp. 12454-12462 Google Scholar 125 Y. Li, X. Liu, B. Li, et al. Near-infrared light triggered phototherapy and immunotherapy for elimin...
The introduction of four or more Glu residues resulted in severe defects in capsule production (Fig.4a, Supplementary Fig.8f). Phosphorylation of these proteins was not detected in whole-cell lysates (Fig.4a) but this was attributed to reduced levels and limits of detection in lysates; phosphor...
were used to evaluate their minimal inhibitory and bactericidal effects by microdilution method on bacteria that express many phenotypical characteristics: different cell-wall structure (Gram positive/negative bacteria), capsule production (Klebsiella pneumoniae), antibiotic resistance (MRSA vs MSSA) or high...
The capsule can be a hard or a soft capsule. In some embodiments, the formulation is a soft capsule. Soft capsules are capsules which may, owing to additions of softeners, such as, for example, glycerol, sorbitol, maltitol and polyethylene glycols, present in the capsule shell, have a ...
1. Introduction High molecular weight polysaccharides are central constituents of the cell wall and extracellular matrix for all domains of life [1]. Specifically, in bacteria, they are the inte- grative part of the cell membranes (lipopolysaccharide/LPS), capsule (capsular polysac- cha...
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides, present either as a discrete capsule covalently attached to the cell envelope or as a slime weakly bound to the cell surface. These various glycoconjugates and polysaccharides on the surface of the cell often contain ...
Encapsulated bacteria such asS. pneumoniaeorHaemophilus influenzaehave a protectivepolysaccharidecapsule that interferes withphagocytosisand presents a special challenge to theimmune system(Pillai et al., 2005). Capsular polysaccharides are thymus-independent type 2 antigens (TI-2) (Mond et al., 1995) ...
Group A streptococcus relies on the HA capsule to avoid phagocytosis by the innate immune system and to interact with epithelial cells, paradoxically, these bacteria also produce HA lyases. It is often assumed that HA lyases breakdown similar HA chains in human tissue in an effort to promote ...