This article derives bending moment–axial force (M–P) interaction curves for mild steel by considering elastic–plastic and strain hardening idealisations with linear and parabolic strain hardening characteristics. The interaction relations can predict strains, which is not possible in a rigid, ...
Again, due to Eq. (2.117), the strain in the longitudinal direction is obtained by differentiating the axial displacement field with respect to x: (7.84)ε(x,z)=∂xu(x,z)=u0(1)+φ(1)z=u0(1)−w(2)z, where in the final step Eq. (7.83) was used. The curvature κ can be...
An experimental evaluation of bending of the test section using resistance strain gauges has been devised. This test showed that excessive bending was present in spite of the adoption of a coupling design recommended in the literature. The cause of bending was found to be solely due to a ...
Measured relations between moment and rotation or strain were asymmetrical even through cross sections were symmetrical about the axis of bending and deflections were equal for each direction of sway. The shape of hysteretic loop was influenced by the range of axial-force variation and the state of...
Figure15shows the equivalent elastic modulus of the negative Poisson’s ratio structure due to changes in\(\theta_{{1}}\)in the\(\sigma_{{2}}\)direction.\(E^{\prime}_{y}\)is the equivalent elastic modulus of the regular structure obtained from Ref. [24].\(E^{\prime}_{2y} {\...
1). Concept of stress Definition:Intensity of the internal force due to the external forces. Expression of stress: ①Average stress: ΔP M ΔA ΔP pM = ΔA ②Whole stress(sum stress): p = lim ΔA→ 0 ΔP dP = ΔA dA 23 ③Whole stress may be decomposed into: a. Stress...
reflected by more or less horizontally oriented zygapophyses, and the presence of ribs forming the rib cage provides rigidity for the thorax to ensure lung function [17–20]. In contrast, intense motions in the sagittal plane are facilitated in the rib-free lumbar region due to vertical zygap...
The dynamic axial response, however, still needs to be thoroughly investigated. The pile compressive load may increase during the earthquake, while the soil stiffness and strength may deteriorate due to the shaking leading to excessive settlement. This response is particularly significant at saturated ...
Theaxial loadis due to gravity. All column types introduced inFig. 11.5are loaded axially with 30% and 60% of the maximumaxial capacityof therespective cross-section. The same computations but with zero axial load are conducted and compared in order to see the effect ofaxial loading. ...
Bending moment versus depth for pile–clay interaction due to a lateral displacement of 2 cm Full size image 7 Parametric Study A parametric study was conducted to analyze the effect of crucial design parameters such as the variation in the magnitudes of modulus of elasticity, the amount of soil...