The notion of cost of capital is fundamental in financial decision-making for organizations, playing a crucial role in strategic planning and resource allocation [35]. The term minimum rate of return is the lowest level of profit that investors anticipate receiving from their investments in a compa...
Assumption 7 suggests that the absence of an outcome variable is accounted for by the outcome itself, the treatment received, and the covariates. It implies that the expectation of R ( z ) given Y ( z ) = y , D ( z ) = d , U = u , and X = x is equal to the expectation ...
where 𝑦𝑖𝑡yit is FDI of country i in the year t; 𝑋𝑖𝑡Xit containing determinants that vary over i and t; 𝐷𝑖Di is dummy variable for groups of economies i, or outliers in the empirical data; individual effect s𝜇𝑖μi, time effects 𝜆𝑡λt and stochastic dist...
The final score of the green supplier is ordered by a non-fuzzy performance value ranking method to help the consumer make a decision. A case of green supplier selection in the light-emitting diode (LED) industry is used to demonstrate the proposed decision model. The findings demonstrate (1...