There is a need for advanced prediction techniques to integrate wind energy into the electrical power grid in a manner that benefits both TSOs (Transmission System Operators), which are obliged to maintain large power reserves in gas or oil generators, and IPPs (Independent Power Producers), ...
The empirical results are interesting for several reasons. We identified the data generating process in EU electricity prices as fractionally integrated (0.5), with a fractionally integrated Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) process in the residual. This is a novel finding. ...
However, long- wavelength lasers require expensive broadband infrared (IR) optics, a large size facility, and safety issues arise when no visible light is used because no warning due to the blinking reflex of the eye is possible [30]. Laser ablation with visible wavelength lasers represents a ...