ATP consists of adenosine – composed of an adenine ring and a ribose sugar – and three phosphate groups (triphosphate). The phosphoryl groups, starting with the group closest to the ribose, are referred to as the alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) phosphates. Consequently, it is c...
Synthesis or hydrolysis of each ATP molecule is associated with a ~120° rotation of the γ subunit within F1, leading to conformations of the enzyme known as rotational State 1, 2, and 3 Ref.9. During ATP hydrolysis, which is better studied than ATP synthesis, this ~120° rotation is b...
so it can be used again and again. In human beings, for example, the amount of ATP recycled daily is about the same as body weight, even though the average human being only has about 250 grams of ATP. Another way to look at it is that a single molecule of ATP gets recycled...
The process human cells use to generate ATP is called cellular respiration. It results in the creation of 36 to 38 ATP per molecule of glucose. It consists of a series of stages, beginning in the cell cytoplasm and moving to the mitochondria, the "power plants" of eukaryotic cells. The t...
of maltose or maltodextrin. Similar to other substrate-binding proteins, MalE consists of two symmetrical lobes, with a substrate-binding site positioned in a cleft in between. The MalE protein undergoes conformational changes involving the bending of a hinge that joins the two lobes. There is an...
Each BchL homodimer consists of two sites for ATP binding, and the two subunits are covalently tethered by a single [4Fe-4S] cluster (Fig. 2, A–C). In the homologous Fe-protein of nitrogenase, the sites have been shown to bind to nucleotides with differing affinities (24). A crystal...
In DNA synthesis ATP is first transformed by the removal of an oxygen molecule from the sugar moiety to yield the deoxyribonucleotide dATP. dATP and other dNTPs add nucleotides to the unzipped single-strand DNA during replication and expand and synthesize a new strand with the help of DNA ...
ATP is a nucleotide that consists of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose. The phosphate tail of ATP is the actual power source which the cell taps. Available energy is contained in the bonds between ...
The pathway of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in living organisms consists of two autonomous stages; this must be taken into account during the design and analysis of chemical models of the abiogenesis of this key participant of metabolic processes. The first stage is construction of an ...
The doublet for AtpB consists of the native and 3xFLAG-tagged forms of the protein. Bands in (B) and (C) likely resulting from degradation are labeled. (D) Measurement of the ATP hydrolysis activity of purified F0F1 ATP synthase supplemented with different synthetic peptides or chemicals. ...