175.38° W, hereafter ‘Hunga Tonga’) erupted, producing a vertical plume more than 30 km tall with overshooting tops above 55 km, which is a record in the satellite era3and probably longer2. From surface pressure data, we estimate a single-event energy release from the initial expl...
Changes in the residual terrestrial carbon sink affect the proportion of anthropogenic emissions that remain in the atmosphere (the airborne fraction), and thus the growth rate of atmospheric CO2. Our analysis suggests that the airborne fraction increased steadily from the 1960s to the 1990s (1.8% ...
The use of a decomposition of the UM fields into geotriptic and ageotriptic parts is only justified on scales larger than the deformation radius, where the potential vorticity can be well approximated by a function of pressure. In this case, the pressure can be used as the controlling scalar...