These four examples examine associations of coffee intake with disease risk. That’s all they do. The headlines, however, assume causation—an epidemiologic fallacy. I. Headline: A Daily Dose of Coffee May Protect You from COVID-19. Study: Self-Reported Dietary Behaviors and Incident COVID-19...
Each story is followed by a question assessing the ability to infer the characters’ thoughts and feelings, for ToM passages, while for non-mental-state stories, to understand, for example, physical causation. The total score for both ToM and physical stories ranges from 0 to 16, with higher...
1965 . The environment and disease: Association or causation . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine , 58 : 295 – 300 . (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)Google Scholar...
Applying Bradford Hill’s criteria for causation to neuropsychiatry: challenges and opportunities. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;13(3):318-325. doi:10.1176/jnp.13.3.318PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 74. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc...
Physical activity and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: assessing the impact of reverse causation and measurement error in two large prospective cohorts. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(3):275-285. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00707-3PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 57. Stubbs B, Vancampfort D...
Calculations for risk difference, relative risk reduction, and number needed to treat are shown in Figure 2, and examples are provided in Table 2. Methodologic Considerations Resources such as the US Preventive Services Task Force, Cochrane Library, International Agency for Research on Cancer ...
During this time, the genetic pool has been stable, and as the obesogenic environment affects individuals at different levels, an important interplay between genes and environmental factors as causation of the obesity epidemic is indicated. This conviction is supported by studies observing an increase ...
Spirtes P, Glymour C, Scheines R: Causation, Prediction, and Search. MIT Press; 2001. Google Scholar Tibshirani R: Regression shrinkage and selection via the Lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, series B 1996, 58: 267–288. Google Scholar Wu T, Chen Y, Hastie T, Sobel E...
Cross-sectional population studies do not allow for the determination of causation, and thus one cannot make any inference from our study regarding whether high serum ferritin levels cause glaucomatous disease. This work simply reports an association between the 2 conditions. Another potential shortcoming...
However, as previously reported, the BMI associated with the lowest risk of death for patients with colon cancer was higher than the ACS guidelines recommendation (23.0-29.9 vs 18.5-24.9).20 This may reflect reverse causation, since weight loss commonly occurs as cancer progresses. Alternatively, ...