Less attention has been given to the complicated, dynamic properties of the neurons, and their context-dependent impact on the stimulation effects. This review focuses on the neuronal factors that influence the
Beyond an expected increase in the number of neurons that are recordable, the field of neurotechnology may be able to extend the target specificity of stimulation approaches. In the future, the identification of cell-type-specific stimulation response characteristics may enable microscale targeting of ...
Optical stimulation of ChR2- or eNpHR-expressing neurons was performed using a collimated LED (Lumen Dynamics Group Inc, USA) with peak wavelengths of 470 or 590 nm, respectively. The LED was connected to an Axon 200B amplifier to trigger photostimulation. The brain slice in the recording ...
At the cellular level, a greater magnetic stimulation is needed when a cell is placed perpendicularly to the magnetically-induced electric field [52, 53]. In an in vitro study, when axons from multiple neurons were forced to form a ring in the culture, the neurons could be magnetically ...
In this state, the cell somas are stationary, while the cell processes extend and retract, surveying their environment and communicating with neurons and other glia cells [99], [100], [101]. Overall surveillance of the surrounding neuronal environment is accomplished via a large number of ...
One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or ‘engram cells’) and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical extension of this idea is that forgetting occurs when engram cells canno
The guide keeps the cells alive and allows them to change into neurons. The team developed a prototype guide that would be surgically implanted into the damaged part of the spinal cord and help connect living cells on each side of the injury. Despite all of these complexities, the hardest ...
“Downward arrow,” where patients make concrete connections between each layer of fear until reaching their core fear, and similar cognitive techniques make relationships between sequences of actions and states explicit, breaking up options. Third-wave mindfulness approaches target the distress resulting...
The link between PD and MPTP was established based on the clinical findings and later substantiated by neuropathology identifying the trademark loss of nigral neurons and degeneration of their terminal connections in the striatum [392,393]. However, MPTP shows less of an effect in mouse models ...
Over the past 20 years, neuroscience research on reward-based learning has converged on a canonical model, under which the neurotransmitter dopamine ‘stamps in’ associations between situations, actions and rewards by modulating the strength of synaptic connections between neurons. However, a growing ...