English civil war, 1642–48, the conflict between King Charles I of England and a large body of his subjects, generally called the “parliamentarians,” that culminated in the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth. The Nature of the Struggle The ...
Calderón studied civil and canon law at the universities of Alcalá and Salamanca. His first literary efforts date to the period 1619-23; after 1625 he devoted himself fully to literature. Ordained in 1651, Calderón was a favorite at the court of Philip IV. During his early period (approxim...
Finland was divided into administrative units based on the old tribal divisions, and the fortresses of Vyborg (Viipuri), Tavastehus (Hämeenlinna), and Åbo (Turku) became the centers of civil administration. Privileged estates appeared, namely, the nobility and the clergy, both of which ...
16 to Dec. 26, 1945, recognized the need for the peaceful unification of China and for cessation of the civil war. An agreement “with respect to the desirability of the withdrawal of Soviet and American armed forces from China as quickly as possible” was reached. This diplomatic action on...
The political struggle in northeastern Rus’ for liberation from the Mongol-Tatar yoke was accompanied by stimulation of the economy and strengthening of the state system; in Middle Asia and Transcaucasia, however, the destruction of the economic base, in addition to invasion and civil war, made...
Charles I suffered defeat in the civil wars of 1642– and 1648. He was executed by a sentence of the High Court of the Tribunal that the Long Parliament had created. Charles II. Born May 29, 1630, in London; died there Feb. 6, 1685. King of the Stuart dynasty. After the execution...
He concentrated his attention on civil political history, providing much material on the history of popular movements. Pombo’s successors in contemporary historiography (A. de Almeida, J. O. Rodrigues, and others) acknowledge the class struggle but regard it merely as one of the factors in the...
After the Jesuits were driven from Brazil, their schools were closed and the authorities began to open civil schools. A law organizing state primary schools was promulgated in 1827. The organization and administration of elementary education is under municipal jurisdiction; secondary and higher ...
In 1971 women were granted equal civil rights with men, including the right to vote and to be elected to the Federal Assembly; women continued to receive lower wages than men, however. From 1974 to 1976 the Swiss economy suffered a severe crisis. In 1977 about 25,000 persons were ...
He concentrated his attention on civil political history, providing much material on the history of popular movements. Pombo’s successors in contemporary historiography (A. de Almeida, J. O. Rodrigues, and others) acknowledge the class struggle but regard it merely as one of the factors in the...