For example, asking ten people on the street what they think of the president's plan to reduce the deficit can in no way be said to represent the sentiment of the entire nation. Although convenient, hasty generalizations can lead to costly and catastrophic results. For instance, it may be ...
Retributivism holds that the state ought to punish wrongdoers because punishment is what wrongdoers deserve for their past criminal behavior (Duff and Hoskins2019). While philosophical discussion of retributivism is ancient, in the last twenty years, a new form of argument has emerged: To supp...
We first recall the universal relation [19], which provides us with a canonical form to represent verification-of-computation problems. Because such problems typically arise in the form of algorithms (e.g., "is there w that makes program P accept (x, w)?"), we adopt the universal ...
since that’s a necessary step in our evaluation of the inference that is supposed to lead to it. We might even employ a simple diagram to represent the structure of an argument, numbering each of the propositions it comprises and drawing an arrow to indicate the inference that leads...
of all current non-users, to start using nicotine in the low-risk form to result in no net gain. This would represent total nicotine usage prevalence close to the maximum it ever reaches, even in populations not worried about health risks, which is presumably the total portion of the ...
(and in contrast to the SWI; see below), after these unexpected events we quickly learn to apply the “right” amount of grip and lifting forces to the object, which suggests that the previous expectancy with respect to the object’s weight has been altered to accurately represent the ...
and (b) a set of terms for indexing and filtering in order to identify auxiliary information in large data sets. Although this last point is represented by a named graph called “Support”, this is not intended to represent argumentative support or evidence, but rather descriptive information (...