A beta female is the second-highest ranking member of a wolf pack after the alpha female, but lower than all other members except for pups. Beta females usually have around equal dominance with each other, but they may also be considered more dominant or submissive than other members of thei...
4) Other wolf researchers agree with Rick that there can be alpha wolves under certain circumstances. In an essay called "Is the Alpha Wolf Idea a Myth?" by Stephanie Pappas in which she too mistakenly calls the idea of an alpha wolf a myth, David Ausband notes that in large packs suc...
But, there’s a pretty big flaw with this concept. The original research on wolves has been debunked. Later studies showed that wolf packs don’t operate under a strict alpha system, but function more like a family unit, with cooperation and shared roles from all. So, if the foundation...