The heat balance equation for the bottom surface of floating sea ice is evaluated on the basis of observations of ice temperature, water temperature, current velocity, and ablation or accretion of ice. Assuming equality of the eddy diffusivities for momentum, heat, and salt (average 24 cm 2 ...
Report presenting the findings of the Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere assessment performed by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) in close cooperation with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the World Climate...
Arctic climate change has the potential to affect access to semi-permanent trails on land, water and sea ice, which are the main forms of transport for communities in many circumpolar regions. Focusing on Inuit Nunangat (the Inuit homeland in northern Canada), trail access models were developed...
aemploys an arc tangent relation between the components and the tilt, a[translate] a我准备去买花,我需要一些花, I prepare to buy the flower, I need some flowers,[translate] aThe polar bear lives in the snow and ice. At the North Pole there is only snow, ice, and water. There is not...
Little is known about the climate of the northern lands in early Cenozoic times; it is possible that the tree line was at least 1,000 miles farther north than at present. During the Cenozoic, however, the polar lands became cooler and permanent land ice formed, first in the Alaskan mountai...
In all cases, sea ice losses begin in the European Arctic, proceed to the Pacific Arctic and end in the Central Arctic, if becoming ice free at all. Future research must assess the impact of model selection and recalibration on projections, and assess the drivers of internal variability that...
Natural Physical Sources of Underwater Sound Yunbo Xie& David M. Farmer 442Accesses Abstract Sea ice in the Arctic is under constant stress that is induced, for example, by the effects of current, wind, temperature changes, ocean waves, and interaction at marginal ice zones (MIZ), etc. Sea...
Forecasters say the region’s sea ice will dwindle to a strip above Greenland and Canada. There, polar bears and others will fight to survive.
Climatic changes to freshwater ice in the Arctic are projected to produce a variety of effects on hydrologic, ecological, and socio-economic systems. Key hydrologic impacts include changes to low flows, lake evaporation regimes and water levels, and river-ice break-up severity and timing. The lat...
However, no indication for a substantial impact of the increased heat transport on ice melt in the Central Arctic is found. Most of the heat that is not passed to the atmosphere in the Barents Sea is stored in the Arctic intermediate layer of Atlantic water, which is increasingly pronounced ...