The mass of an atom comes from the mass of its protons and neutrons. These are the two largest of the three subatomic particles in an atom and both are found in the nucleus. The smallest subatomic particles, the electrons, orbit the nucleus but have so little mass that they do ...
The production of the energy degeneracy doublet causes atomic instability. To address this issue, a tensor potential term has been introduced to both the spin symmetry and pseudospin symmetry. Over the years, a Coulomb tensor potential has been applied by different authors21,22,23. It was ...