Cooling TowersPackingMass TransferEconomic ComparisonThe optimum heat and mass transfer area at which minimum cost exists throughout the technical life of forced draft counter cooling tower is studied in the present work. Original formulae are developed and presented for the best themoeconomical ...
cooling tower; PV cooling; downdraft system; photovoltaic; co-cooling; efficiency1. Introduction A growing number of countries are focusing their emphasis on lowering conventional fuel usage and carbon emissions as a result of fast economic and population growth around the globe [1]. Solar-energy-...
In the formula, 𝑎𝑖ai stands for the average distance between the sample and other samples in the cluster, or the similarity of samples in the same cluster, reflecting the degree of separation, while 𝑏𝑖bi stands for the average distance between the sample and all other samples in ...
The general formula of Equation (1) can be formulated in the two-stage stochastic programming framework. Consequently, the two-stage stochastic programming model is adopted to formulate the superstructure of the system. Hence, the superstructure variables can be classified as either design or ...
The methodology for calculating passive solar heat gains is based on the formula [13]: Qs = r · g · Ag · G [kWh/year] (1) In this equation, Qs—total amount of passive solar gains; r—reduction coefficient, including the solar incidence angle, shading, and dirt; g—total solar...
two-way transmission” relationship is established between a substation and its DT; DT are receiving increasing attention also from the industrial side: patents have been granted for a system to monitor the state of turbines of a wind farm [21] and for a DT-based cooling process of a power...