Non-prescribed antibiotic access was more common among urban residents and individuals not enrolled in health insurance schemes. This means of antibiotic access was also more common among individuals concerned about distance, drug availability, and healthcare convenience at public facilities. In addition,...
Six studies [59,66,70,75,78,86] reported reasons for which non-prescribed antibiotics were used among children. The most common reasons for using antibiotics without prescription were previous experience with similar symptoms and drug, perceived mildness of illness, time and cost saving and inaccess...
It consisted of costs such as consultation fees, hospitalization expenditures, meals, cost per medication, procedure or operation charges, lab- oratory examination charges, and radiologic examination charges. Non-reimbursed medical costs were excluded. All costs are presented in USD (1 USD = ...
ABS in hospitals has shown a positive impact, with reduced length of stay, shorter treatment duration without an increase in mortality and a reduction in colonization and infection with resistant bacteria [4], [5]. In contrast, solid and generalizable data on cost and cost-effectiveness of ...
Non-prescribed antibiotic access was more common among urban residents and individuals not enrolled in health insurance schemes. This means of antibiotic access was also more common among individuals concerned about distance, drug availability, and healthcare convenience at public facilities. In addition,...
(HCAIs)12. Beyond the infection complications of IV catheters, oral administration is more comfortable for the patient, reduces nurses’ workload, and allows for easy discharge from the hospital. Furthermore, oral therapy is cheaper and more cost-effective13. The UK Health Security Agency ...
Moreover, antibiotic waste can be used as biofuel, biohydrogen, energy, electricity, biogas, bioplastics, fertilizer, etc., which are cost-effective and helpful for the sustainable economic development of a nation. Antibiotic waste valorization and treatment for economic development and sustainability ...
an important moderator of patient demand for prescription drugs is out-of-pocket cost. numerous studies have shown that pharmacy copayment increases are followed by reductions in the likelihood of use and refill adherence. likewise, when drug coverage becomes more generous, patients fill more ...
The most cited formulary restrictions were need for approval from medical/specialised committee (vancomycin, 77.1%; linezolid, 68.0%), cost and insurance coverage (linezolid, 9.8%) and renal insufficiency (vancomycin, 14.6%). Linezolid was the most frequently listed antibiotic on MRSA cSSTI ...
While the estimated fitness cost on invasiveness remained < 1 after removing any of serotype 14, 19F, 23F, and 19A (overall range of estimates: 0.23–0.95), this was not the case after removing serotype 3 (range: 0.5–1.2) or serotype 7F (range: 0.75–1.5). By contrast, the ...