Evidence points toward β-arrestin 2 as a positive regulator for ethanol abuse. In the absence of β-arrestin 2, a decreased behavioral response to ethanol is observed in rodents and, according to microarray ex
Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(3):139–47. Article PubMed Google Scholar Agam G, Azab AN. Whether lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β activity in vivo in humans is still an open question. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18(5):464–7. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Agam G, ...
(ii) Male and female juveniles and subadults may have different sensitivities to environmental stressors, such as food and diseases. Sex-biased juvenile mortality may reflect sex-specific life histories that affect, for example, the growth and timing of gonad formation44or dispersal patterns28,45,...
Modelling of complex psychiatric disorders, e.g., depression and schizophrenia, in animals is a major challenge, since they are characterized by certain disturbances in functions that are absolutely unique to humans. Furthermore, we still have not identified the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms, ...
While the initial signs of animal abuse begin as early as childhood, many adults overlook the warnings as an “exploratory age of development.” As such, the problem endures because prompt recognition of the signs is essential to stopping the cycle of violence and preventing harm in the future...
Pathways to PTSD, part II: sexually abused children. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1305–1310. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Marais L, van Rensburg SJ, van Zyl JM, Stein DJ, Daniels WMU . Maternal separation of rat pups increases the risk of developing depressive-like ...
Since S-KET use is limited due to considerable side-effects (e.g. increased risk of abuse, psychotomimetic effects and dependence) and concerns about its safety and efficacy [49], [50], our data can offer new perspectives for achieving rapid antidepressant effects by targeting the ECS. 2....
(Lind et al.2004), and for verifying neurological syndromes (e.g. MPTP-induced Parkinsonism syndrome; Mikkelsen et al.1999). Pig models have been used to address lifestyle factors (e.g., stress, drugs, and abuse; Schook et al.2005), diabetes (Larsen and Rolin2004), and human brain ...
Antiretroviral therapy has greatly extended the lifespan of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). As a result, the long-term effects of HIV infection, in particular those originating in the central nervous system (CNS), such as HIV associated depression, have gained importance. ...
Recent studies suggest that the consequences of childhood trauma are not limited to the lifespan of abused women, but can also be passed on to the next generation where variation in brain structure (Moog et al., 2018), alterations in stress vulnerability (Jovanovic et al., 2011), ...