A representative example of the phenotype for a trained and untrained human paralyzed muscle.Michael A. PetrieManish SunejaElizabeth FaidleyRichard K. Shields
During animal development, embryos undergo complex morphological changes over time. Differences in developmental tempo between species are emerging as principal drivers of evolutionary novelty, but accurate description of these processes is very challeng
Jiang points out that, “With AI, we can develop more accurate disease and phenotype prediction models through the in-depth analysis of desensitized gene data.” This, she says, will help us build a more detailed genetic structure of the population and hopefully find new drug targets. For ...
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a very aggressive disease characterized by a heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute the major innate immune population in the TIME where they fac
Phenotype The observable characteristics of an organism, which results from the genotype and its interaction with the environment. Non-coding RNAs RNAs transcribed from the genome that do not serve as templates for proteins (for example, microRNAs). Ubiquitin–proteasome system An ancient system conser...
Damage in the ischemic core and penumbra after stroke affects patient prognosis. Microglia immediately respond to ischemic insult and initiate immune inflammation, playing an important role in the cellular injury after stroke. However, the microglial het
In situ sequencing and capture techniques have been applied to the mechanistic study and therapeutic target discovery of tuberculosis [125,126,127] and influenza infections [128]. For example, a study used mice infected with H1N1 as the model for studying ARDS [129], demonstrating that over-acti...
A growing body of research suggests that the KP is strongly correlated with mood disorders [10], for example, abnormal KP activation is found in both suicidal patients [11] and depression-like mice [12], with increased levels of toxic metabolites, such as kynurenine (Kyn) and quinolinic ...
C1-FFL is capable of filtering noise asymmetrically to have a precise and robust phenotype of a particular trait (or cellular function) [9]. I1-FFL, as a noise-buffering motif, can facilitate adaptive tuning of gene expression through modulation of TF binding affinities [10]. FFLs are ...
A notable example is the nucleolus in eukaryotes and the ribonucleoprotein granules found in bacteria such as Caulobacter crescentus. Carboxysomes Anabolic bacterial microcompartments that have a polyhedral protein shell and a lumen filled with the CO2-fixing enzyme RuBisCO. Examples include the β-...