Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family, and the H5N1 genotype is in the Alphainfluenzavirus genus and is of the influenza A species (ICTV, 2017). Influenza viruses are negative stranded RNA viruses that have a segmented genome (Shaw and Palese, 2013). Influenza A nomenclatu...
Molecular mechanisms enhancing the proteome of influenza A viruses: An overview of recently discovered proteins Abstract Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. Despite numerous efforts to produce absolutely effective anti-influenza drugs or vaccines, no such agent has been developed yet...
Influenza & Other Respiratory VirusesJennings LC. Influenza vaccines: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7(suppl 3):44-51.Lance C., Jennings. (2013) Influenza vaccines: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7 :10.1111/irv.2013.7.issue...
An Overview of COVID-19 and Its Vaccines Nahid Rehmana and Anjana Pandeya, * a Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004 U.P India *e-mail: anjanap@mnnit.ac.in Received June 30, 2021; revised July 15, 2021; accepted...
domain of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV is claimed to engage directly with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (hACE) receptor, allowing the virus to enter the target cell (Cui et al., 2019). Fascinatingly, the S protein structure in both SARS-CoV and new SARS-CoV-2 viruses is nearly...
Infectious diseases affecting the eye often cause unilateral or asymmetric visual loss in children and people of working age. This group of conditions includes viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases, both common and rare presentations which, in
Vaccination is the most effective measure at preventing influenza virus infections. However, current seasonal influenza vaccines are only protective against closely matched circulating strains. Even with extensive monitoring and annual reformulation our
Table 1 Overview of ongoing mRNA-based drug’s clinical trials Full size table Synthesis and modification of mRNA vaccines and drugs The structure of an mRNA molecule can be divided into several parts including a 5′ cap, 3′ poly (A) tail, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (5′- and 3...
In subject area: Immunology and Microbiology Universal influenza virus vaccines are vaccines that cover all influenza A and influenza B viruses independent of antigenic drift or HA/neuraminidase (NA) subtype. From: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2017 ...
The virus neutralization test is an alternative method for the detection of strain-specific antibodies to influenza viruses and in some cases may be more sensitive than the HI test, and it has the added advantage of measuring functional antibody capable of preventing virus infection. The microneutral...