A workpiece is heated by first forming an ionized gas plasma around the workpiece. A positive potential is applied to the workpiece to accelerate electrons from the plasma into the workpiece. The workpiece is uniformly surface heated by the energy directed into the workpiece by the electrons. The...
Plasma is an ionized gas and also called the fourth state of matter. For the formation a plasma, a gas can be heated or an excess of free electrons is needed to displace electrons in the atoms and molecules of the bulk gas. The plasma can be described as a quasineutral particle system...
A gas that is partially or fully ionized is called a plasma. Generally, the gas is hot enough that all polyatomic molecules are fully dissociated. Thus, a plasma consists of a mixture of monatomic neutral species, their positive and negative ions, and free electrons. For a noble gas plasma...
To produce fully ionized lithium (Li3+) ions, it is necessary to generate a plasma with a temperature above their third ionization energy, which is 122.4 eV. We have attempted to generate high-temperature plasmas using laser ablation. This type of laser ion source has not been commonly used...
In the latter, the atoms of a He gas are photo-ionized by the FEL, assisted by a synchronized infrared laser pulse (see Fig. 2). A raw image is shown of a He photo-electron distribution acquired with a VMI spectrometer. Full size image As demonstrated in the Methods, in the presence...
Xenon is ionized by electron bombardment Thermionic cathode Positively charged particles accelerated by grid Electrons routed to second anode and injected into beam to neutralize .plasma.inpe.br aerospace.engin.umich.edu Electromagnetic Propulsion
Answer to: Matter that has large spaces between the atoms and an indefinite volume is best described as: a. gas b. homogeneous c. liquid d. plasma...
A plasma is a relatively field-free region of an ionized gas that electrostatically shields itself in a distance that is small compared with other lengths of physical interest. The space charge or strong field regions on the boundary of the plasma are called sheaths. The distance over which the...
A working gas, including without limitation a noble gas, oxygen, or nitrogen, is injected into the plasma discharge region and ionized to form the plasma. The electric field accelerates the ions away from the plasma discharge region toward a substrate. In one implementation of a linear ALS, ...
What is claimed is: 1. A system for controlling a plasma generator, the system comprising: an open microwave resonator resonating at a resonant frequency; an oscillator with an output having a variable frequency; a control circuit for measuring a difference between the resonant frequency and the ...