A gas that is partially or fully ionized is called a plasma. Generally, the gas is hot enough that all polyatomic molecules are fully dissociated. Thus, a plasma consists of a mixture of monatomic neutral species, their positive and negative ions, and free electrons. For a noble gas plasma...
A workpiece is heated by first forming an ionized gas plasma around the workpiece. A positive potential is applied to the workpiece to accelerate electrons from the plasma into the workpiece. The workpiece is uniformly surface heated by the energy directed into the workpiece by the electrons. The...
A plasma is a relatively field-free region of an ionized gas that electrostatically shields itself in a distance that is small compared with other lengths of physical interest. The space charge or strong field regions on the boundary of the plasma are called sheaths. The distance over which the...
To produce fully ionized lithium (Li3+) ions, it is necessary to generate a plasma with a temperature above their third ionization energy, which is 122.4 eV. We have attempted to generate high-temperature plasmas using laser ablation. This type of laser ion source has not been commonly used...
The effects of zinc deficiency on plasma calcium and ionized calcium concentrations were examined in rats. We monitored plasma concentrations of calcium, ionized calcium (Ca2+), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ionized magnesium (Mg2+) in male 4 week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, that were divided into...
is different from other materials, e.g., silicon or germanium. Typically, nitrogen in diamonds is hard to be ionized because ground level is exceptionally as deep as 1.7 eV. Then, it is regarded that the Fermi level could be clearly pinned at the level of 1.7 eV from the conduction band...
Xenon is ionized by electron bombardment Thermionic cathode Positively charged particles accelerated by grid Electrons routed to second anode and injected into beam to neutralize .plasma.inpe.br aerospace.engin.umich.edu Electromagnetic Propulsion
The sensitized fluorescence, Penning effect and radiation quenching of gas–particles are all attributed to this process. The disappearance of charged particles in the ionized gas is called deionization of ionized gas. Deionization is directly related to the discharge sustaining conditions. Deionization ...
Generally, partially ionized gas is composed of multiple species including photons, electrons, ground-state atoms or molecules, electronically-, vibrationally-, rotationally-excited atoms, metastable atoms or molecules, positively-charged ions in the ground or excited states, and negatively-charged ions ...
In the latter, the atoms of a He gas are photo-ionized by the FEL, assisted by a synchronized infrared laser pulse (see Fig. 2). A raw image is shown of a He photo-electron distribution acquired with a VMI spectrometer. Full size image As demonstrated in the Methods, in the presence...