The amount of sunlight received at a particular point is determined by the solar zenith angle which is the height of the sun above the horizon that describes the length a photon must travel in the atmosphere before reaching the surface. As an example, UV radiation is greatest at the equator...
Beta radiation is much more penetrating, and there is a higher probability that the particles can enter the detector volume. Both of these radiations are classed as directly ionizing radiations and have the ability to cause ionization in the gas volume. Gamma radiation and neutrons are common ...
32-35 The following is an abstract of a published paper. Each sentence of the abstract is marked with a letter. Please identify the functions of each sentence and write the equivalent letter(s) after the functions. Laypeople’s Understanding of Radioactivity and Radiation Abstract: A) It may ...
The power of scattered electrons by an atom is negatively correlated with the energy of the incident electron13. Therefore, low-acceleration-voltage electrons produce more signal upon their interaction with the cryo-EM specimen. However, low-energy electrons create severer radiation damage14, allowing...
whether purely non-genetic mechanisms are sufficient to initiate tumorigenesis irrespective of mutations has been unknown. Here, we show that a transient perturbation of transcriptional silencing mediated by Polycomb group proteins is sufficient to induce an irreversible switch to a cancer cell fate inDro...
Missions into Deep Space are planned this decade. Yet the health consequences of exposure to microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) over years-long missions on indispensable visceral organs such as the kidney are largely unexplored. We performe
Earth is one of the inner planets of the Solar System, but – unlike the others – it has an oxidising atmosphere, relatively stable temperature,
One example of biological manufacturing of terpenoids is the production of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin precursor, artemisinic acid, using recombinant enzymes in microbial platforms [7, 8]. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide extracted from the medicinal plant, sweet wormwood (...
Since E(x) is the sum of the fields due to q1 and q2, the force F on the test charge is the sum of the two forces exerted on q. The charges q1 and q2 also experience forces due to the presence of each other. For example, the force on q2 due to q1 is q2E1(x2), where ...
The general term non-ionizing radiation is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where photon energies are not strong enough to break atomic bonds. This segment of the spectrum includes ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, radio waves, and microwaves, along with ...