The c -wave of the human ERG was studied with a new method, using d.c. amplification and averaging technique. A linear relationship between log stimulus intensity and the c -wave amplitude was found within the investigated range of intensities (2 log units). In long-term experiments the c...
(this function characterizes correlators of the intensity with wave phase and wave phase gradient). Indeed, differentiating this function with respect to x, using dynamic equations (13.129) (13.131), splitting correlators by the Furutsu Novikov formula, and performing some rearrangements, we obtain th...
Based on the Fresnel formula,the general amplitude and intensity of ordinary light( i. e. o-light)and extraordinary light( i.e. e-light) from a linear polarized beam incident in a wave wafer under considering reflection without absorption are obtained,and further discussion and concrete compariso...
We demonstrate a method for improving the accuracy of phase retrieval based on the Transport of Intensity equation by using intensity measurements at multiple planes to estimate and remove the artifacts due to higher order axial derivatives. We suggest two similar methods of higher order correction, ...
Amplitude modulation (AM) is also widely used to alter a carrier wave to transmit data. For example, in AM radio, the voltage (amplitude) of a carrier with a fixed center frequency (the station's channel) is varied (modulated) by the analog audio signal. ...
The orthogonal functions invariant translates into a conserved quantity for the 1+3 dimensional scalar wave equation. The assessed quantity and its associated flow can then be evaluated using different criteria. The important topic of phase retrieval from intensity measurements and the irradiance ...
The amplitude distribution in the diffraction pattern is the Fourier transform of the wave function. The final image amplitude is the Fourier transform of the diffraction amplitude. However, the electrons are now moving in a lens system and therefore undergo the phase shifts χ(β) discussed ...
A method for the numerical reconstruction of digital holograms which allows simultaneously amplitude and quantitative phase contrast imaging. The reconstruction method computes the propagation of the
The fine manipulation of sound fields is critical in acoustics yet is restricted by the coupled amplitude and phase modulations in existing wave-steering metamaterials. Commonly, unavoidable losses make it difficult to control coupling, thereby limiting device performance. Here we show the possibility of...
Equations (1) and (2) can be used to analytically calculate the optimal distance required for the transverse mode profile to transform into a specific n-fold intensity distribution. This calculation is important for the design of DLP logic gates because the calculated optimal distance determines ...