Amino acid homeostasis is maintained by import, export, oxidation, and synthesis of nonessential amino acids, and by the synthesis and breakdown of protein. These processes work in conjunction with regulatory elements that sense amino acids or their metabolites. During and after nutrient intake, amin...
In addition, transmitter release, uptake, and metabolism require energy. Since glutamate and its related metabolites are directly associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, it might be expected that the metabolic turnover of these amino acids would also reflect the energy needs of the brain....
Lactobacilli produce valeric acid and its isomers from leucine and isoleucine at a lower pH (Nakae and Elliott, 1965a). Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus produces propionic and n-butyric acids, while L. casei ssp. casei, L. delbrueckii ssp. lactis and Streptococcus salivarius ssp. ...
Studies at the molecular level demonstrate that dietary amino acid intake produces substantial effects on health and disease by modulating metabolism. However, how these effects may manifest in human food consumption and dietary patterns is unknown. Here
relatively shorter digestive tract, longer canine teeth, and a tighter digitation of molars than omnivorous mammals such as humans and pigs, (b) a very low activity of salivary α-amylase, (c) a limited ability to synthesize de novo arginine and vitamin D or to convert α-linolenic acid ...
During the half century following its discovery, the l-glutamate-producing microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum has played a leading role in the amino acid fermentation industry. Due to its importance as an amino acid producer, C. glutamicum is also one of the best-investigated microorganisms, evi...
Providing many other cellular metabolites to C. elegans also increased longevity suggesting that anaplerosis of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle substrates likely plays a role in lifespan extension. Conclusions Supplementation of C. elegans with 18 of the 20 individual amino acids extended lifespan, but...
Important metabolites of AA include ammonia, CO 2 , long-chain and short-chain fatty acids, glucose, H 2 S, ketone bodies, nitric oxide (NO), urea, uric acid, poly- amines, and other nitrogenous substances with enormous biological importance (Blachier et al. 2007; Montanez et al. 2008...
A BCAA dysmetabolism model proposes that the accumulation of mitotoxic metabolites (and not BCAAs per se) promotes β-cell mitochondrial dysfunction, stress signalling and apoptosis associated with T2DM. Alternatively, insulin resistance might promote aminoacidaemia by increasing the protein degradation ...
Sulfur-containing compounds include sulfur-containing amino acids and their metabolites (methionine, cystine, cysteine, homocysteine, taurine, cysteic acid, and cystathionine), thiamine, biotin, lipoic acid, coenzyme A, glutathione, chondroitin sulfate, cartilage mucopolysaccharides, and fibrinogen. Most of...