In simple terms, altruism, the same as selflessness, is the opposite of selfishness, meaning caringabout the welfare of other people and acting to help them.It’s a very good traditional virtue in many culture and religious belief. Besides the general meaning of altruism, the word has ...
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For half a century, attempts to understand altruism have developed around the concept that altruists may help relatives to have extra offspring in order to spread shared genes2. This theory—known as inclusive fitness—is founded on a simple inequality termed Hamilton’s rule2. However, ...
In considering the phenomena of reciprocal altruism few would dispute that there are differences in individual quality—in particular, that for some individuals, at least on occasion, the cost of doing favors will exceed the potential of future benefits. That is, at any given time, a typical po...
p pBackground/p pThe evolutionary origin of strong altruism (where the altruist pays an absolute cost in terms of fitness) towards non-kin has never been s... M Santos,E Szathmáry - 《Bmc Evolutionary Biology》 被引量: 28发表: 2008年 加载更多来源...
Human altruism directed at non-kin with no chance of reciprocation cannot be satisfactorily explained in terms of ‘kin selection’ or ‘reciprocal altruism’. Behavioral and evolutionary scientists and philosophers of science have consequently looked for alternative explanations of human altruism. These ...
To understand how cooperation might be maintained under these circumstances, mathematical modelers have spent a great deal of time and effort elucidating the types of strategy that would do well in a simple game, known as the two-person iteratedPrisoner’s Dilemma. In each round (‘iteration’)...
In scientific terms, this process is calledgeneralized reciprocity. Accordingly, we´re not being nice to someone specific, but rather to “the public” – because this general entity has been nice to us. If you want to see how far this principle can go, please watch Prof. Wayne E. Bak...
For instance, in the case of human agents, you might set up a simple incentive contract and have your agent be paid in proportion to how much you like the outcome of the interaction. Now imagine that you and Alice can (jointly or individually) intervene in some way on how the agents ...
“I don’t see the point in measuring life in time any more,” he told one crowd. “I would rather measure it in terms of what I actually achieve. I’d rather measure it in terms of making a difference, which I think is a much more valid and pragmatic measure.” ...