Although efforts to improve the classification of hypersensitivity/allergic diseases have been made, they have not been considered a top-level category in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 and still are not in the ICD-11 beta phase linearization. ICD-10 is the most used classi...
ICD is caused by the proinflammatory and noxious effects of xenobiotics that are normally present in soaps, detergents and solvents and can activate innate skin immunity. In contrast, ACD is a type-IV or delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction caused by low molecular weight (LMW) reactive chemicals...
According to the traditional Gell-Coombs classification, allergy is primarily mediated by a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (Gell and Coombs, 1963). The continuous perpetuation of acute and late phase reactions of type 1 hypersensitivity, due to the repeated exposure to the allergen, ultimately ...
The exposure was SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was defined if the participants tested positive for COVID-19 either by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen testing of nasopharyngeal swabs. We considered the original SARS-CoV-2 if the initial infection was before ...
It will be meaningful to investigate the immune process in peripheral blood in addition to nasal secretions. By contrast, ACD is a delayed type IV hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the activation of allergen-specific T cells [18]. ACD occurs in the dermis and epidermis, where specific T ...
found HSP occurs after allergic reaction or elevated Th2-mediated biological markers such as serum IgE, serum ECP, and urinary leukotriene E4 levels in acute stage of HSP but failed to demonstrate a temporal relationship of atopy in HSP and HSP nephritis (2,3,8,9,10,11,14,15,16,19). ...
Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction occurring in sensitized individuals due to exposure to allergens. Polysensitization, defined as positive reactions to multiple unrelated haptens, increases the risk of ACD development and affects patients’ quality of life...
This reaction is intensified by epithelial cells, which also produce a cytokine milieu that promotes the generation of Th2 cells due to epithelial barrier damage [67]. This results in high levels of IL-4 and IL-13 triggering immunoglobulin (Ig)E isotype class-switching in B cells. ...