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It is an insurance policy against the irreversible loss of genetic material [28]. The mutation operator helps to create “chromosomes” by the random alteration of a bit and this allows the GA to explore more of the fitness landscape and prevent it from getting trapped in local optimal ...
The costs of ownership (depreciation, interests and insurance) are about 20% of the DOC [57] and are not considered in this study, as the impact of flight speed changes on the aircraft utilization is highly dependent on the concrete airline-specific flight plans and airport restrictions. Such...