EfficiencyEcological functionThis paper establishes an air-standard irreversible Dual-Miller cycle (DMC) model with the specific heat ratio (SHR) of working fluid (WF) linearly varying with its temperature. Because the specific heat (SH) of WF varies with combustion reaction in actual internal ...
The formula for ice breaking is as follows: p3(1−β2)+(0.4⋅hβ2−σh2r2)p2+σ2h43r4p−σh23r2=0p3(1-β2)+(0.4⋅hβ2-σh2r2)p2+σ2h43r4p-σh23r2=0 where,ppis the cushion [ressure,hhis the thickness of the ice field,rris the size of the air cushion,σ...
Calculations were performed using the formula presented below (Equation (1)): 𝐶−1𝑆=−𝐴(𝑑𝜋𝑑𝐴)𝑇,𝑝CS−1=−A(dπdA)T,p (1) This parameter allows us to determine the physical state of the monolayer as strictly related to the degree of packing and ordering ...
This section explains how to calculate the energy performance of a PTAC. The performance of the PTAC is assessed in quasi-stable conditions, according to ASTM E905-87- Standard Examination Technique for Determination of Thermal Efficiency of Tracked Concentrated Sunray Collectors (CSP). The useful...
The previous studies analyzed the removal efficiency of dust and gas by applying an air-recirculated system; however, it is insufficient to simultaneously evaluate the growth environment of pigs, such as the air temperature, humidity, gas concentration, dust, and so on. In particular, it is ...
Concerning the active methodologies, the main route is to improve the heating and cooling systems, by enhancing the efficiency of the heating and cooling devices [3], implementing smart control strategies [4–6] and integrating innovative solutions at system level [7,8]. In this context, one ...
The current global standard from IMO Tier II limits the emissions to 7.7–14.4 g of NOx/kWh. The stricter Tier III NOx standard of a maximum of 2–3.4 g of NOx/kWh will apply to new ships built after 2021 only when sailing in NOx Emission Control Areas (NECAs). In the EU, J. ...
However it has a narrow swath and a long repeat cycle of 16 days. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) employed a UV/visible spectrometer to make measurements of aerosol (up to 40 km) and water vapour (up to 50 km), along with cloud detection (6–30 km), at...
According to their study, a maximum dryer efficiency of 72% and a maximum SMER of 1.16 were obtained at an air flow rate of 0.016 kg/s and air temperature of 60 ◦C when using the heat pump. Control strategy is very important in improving the performance of a heat pump [8]. Wei ...