The pressure drop Δpbed is the balance of the drag force with the gravitational force on the particles38. Void fraction modelling is described in the SI (note S1). The total pump efficiency is calculated as for the contactor. The total CaCO3 fines-to-disposal or makeup rate is assumed ...
Surface tension is related with the interaction force among molecules and follows the order as same as density, naphthalene > alkylbenzene > cycloparaffin > n-paraffin > iso-paraffin at the same carbon number. The surface tensions of all hydrocarbons ascend markedly with carbon ...