6 4047 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (2015) MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE 1. ALGEBRA Quadratic Equation For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, 2 − b ± b − 4ac x = 2a Binomial expansion n n n n−1 n n−2 2 n n−r r n ( ) ...
Planning the power distribution network is critical and challenging; the main challenges include the multiple costs involved, selecting the appropriate locations of different nodes of the network at minimal cost, and minimizing the cost of energy loss for both the primary and secondary networks. Litera...